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Protein Sciences

Uniting Drug Development Expertise with Antibody & Protein Production Services

Bispecific Antibody Production

Helping You Overcome Challenges in the Production of Bispecific Antibodies

 

Bispecific antibodies are gaining prominence in the field of antibody therapeutics. However, bispecific antibody production comes with certain challenges, such as heterogeneity, production complexity, and stability issues, which can affect the quality of the final product.

 

At WuXi Biologics, the Protein Sciences (PS) Department excels in producing high-purity bispecific antibodies tailored to your specific needs. With a track record of delivering more than 3,000 bispecific antibodies suitable for both in vitro and in vivo studies, our platforms can handle everything from high-throughput, small-scale production at 1 mg to large-scale operations up to grams.

Leading expertise in bispecific antibody production, from identifying the optimal pairings of bispecific antibody with small-scale high-throughput production to delivering high-purity, gram-level bispecific antibodies.

Quick ‘n’ Clean: A HTP Bispecific Antibody Production Platform

 

With the growing interest in using bispecific antibodies in therapeutic development and the use of AI in drug discovery, the need for high-throughput bispecific antibody production to unlock the optimal pairings of bispecific antibodies has never been higher. Leveraging our drug development expertise and high-titer CHO transient expression platform, WuXi Biologics’ Protein Sciences developed the Quick ‘n’ Clean bispecific antibody production platform to offer a fast and cost-effective solution for the identification of the optimal bispecific antibody pairings. Combining the power of speed and precision, our Quick ‘n’ Clean service can produce 1-7 mg of customized bispecific antibodies with high purity (>99% heterodimers) from 20 mL culture in 3-4 weeks.

Key Features of Quick ‘n’ Clean Service

  • Optimized to produce many bispecific antibodies at the early stage
  • Automated 3-step purification including SEC
  • 1-7 mg bispecific antibody from 20 mL cell culture with timeline of 4 weeks
  • 99% heterodimer, >95% monomer, <0.5EU/mg endotoxin
  • Suitable for most in vitro and some in vivo studies

Quick ’n’ Clean is designed to unlock the optimal pairing of bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) fast and cost-effectively via HTP production of ≥1 mg bsAbs with 99% heterodimer from 20 mL culture and 3-step purification, all completed within 4 weeks.

Quick ‘n’ Clean Service Details:

Service Item Deliverables Duration QC Request A Quote
Gene synthesis, cloning and plasmid prep all included.
20 mL • 1-7 mg bispecific antibody
• 3-step automatic purification
• 99% heterodimer		 3-4 weeks <0.5 EU/mg endotoxin control, QC incl. Titer, A280, Caliper (R/NR) or SDS-PAGE, SEC-HPLC Request A Quote
Additional QC

RP-HPLC, bioburden, DSF, DSC, SPR, LC-MS, SEC-MALS, peptide mapping, glycan profiling, cIEF, CHO HCP, residual DNA, ELISA, Western blot, freeze thaw study, micro developability testing

Case Study #1: Using Quick ‘n’ Clean Platform to Produce High-Purity Bispecific Antibodies in Various Customized Formats

 

The production of bispecific antibodies typically involves a complex and time-consuming purification process to remove impurities caused by HC mispairing, LC mispairing, fragmentation, and aggregation. With our Quick ‘n’ Clean platform, the customized formats of bispecific antibodies, which comprise a scFv or VHH and a Fab on a heterodimeric Fc, can be purified in a high-throughput and automated manner, thereby eliminating the possibility of light-chain mispairing.

 

Figure A: A variety of customized format of bispecific antibodies, including One Arm, VHH, scFv and WuXiBody were all produced in high purity (99% heterodimer, 95% monomer) via the Quick ‘n’ Clean platform, which is demonstrated on the non-reduced and reduced gel.

A variety of customized formats of bispecific antibodies (one arm, VHH, scFv and WuXiBody) were produced in high purity (99% heterodimer, 95% monomer) via the Quick ‘n’ Clean platform.

Case Study #2: High-Purity, High-Throughput Production of Four-Chain Bispecific Antibodies Using the TFC Quick ‘n’ Clean Platform

 

Our True Four Chain Quick ‘n’ Clean platform offers high-throughput production of four-chain bispecific antibodies with excellent yield and purity. Leveraging the WuXiBody™ backbone, this advanced platform eliminates LC mispairing, enabling the production of bispecific antibodies with two distinct LCs. This process ensures >99% heterodimer purity, as verified by Intact Mass analysis.

Figure A: WuXiBody™ formats used in the TFC Quick ‘n’ Clean platform

Figure B: The TFC Quick ‘n’ Clean platform was utilized to produce 15 four-chain bispecific antibodies in 20 mL CHO cell cultures. Results showed consistently high monomer purity (mostly above 98%), an average yield of 3.34 mg, and low endotoxin levels averaging 0.06 EU/mg.

Premium Bispecific Antibody Production Service

 

The production of bispecific antibodies presents certain challenges due to the formation of various byproducts resulting from chain mispairing, homodimer formation, and incomplete assembly. Our Premium Bispecific antibody service is capable of generating high-quality bispecific antibodies, ranging from milligrams to grams, in just 4-6 weeks. Having produced over 3,000 different bispecific antibodies, we have accumulated extensive expertise in this field.

 

During the expression stage, we undertake construct optimization and chain ratio studies to maximize expression levels of the desired target. In the purification stage, a tailored approach is essential, as the byproducts for each specific bispecific antibody differ. To address this challenge, we employ intact mass spectrometry analysis as a powerful tool to identify and monitor these byproducts during the purification process. This information guides us in selecting the most effective purification steps for pooling and polishing. Subsequently, we scale up the process as needed to produce the desired quantity of the final product.

Key Features of Premium Bispecific Antibody Service

  • Intact MS analysis to drive the purification process with extensive scouting and optimization
  • Chain ratio study upon request (to optimize the expression level)
  • Large-scale production of 500 mL and up (transient & Stable pools), 10 mg to grams of bispecific antibody
  • 4 to 6 weeks to deliver for transient production
  • Suitable for in vitro and in vivo studies

Extensive Experience with Many Different Bispecific Antibodies Formats:

 

We have extensive experiences in various bispecific antibody formats, including Common LC, Crossmab, WuXiBody, Different LC, Fc fusion, ScFv Fab, Charge paring and Complex formats.

LC-MS Mandatory for the Premium Bispecific Antibody

Figure A: A bispecific antibody purified by AC-SEC. The SEC-HPLC and SDS-PAGE suggest high purity. However, this is a mixture of heterodimer and homodimer indicated by Intact MS, for which the existence of homodimer is ~50%.

Bispecific antibody purification requires Intact Mass to ensure the high purity of heterodimers.

Premium Bispecific Antibody Service Details:

Premium Bispecific Antibody Production (Week) Request A Quote
Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Request A Quote

 
DNA Synthesis and Prep WuXian Transient Expression Purification and Analysis
 
  • Additional 2 weeks for ratio study
  • Analysis includes: LC-MS, SDS-PAGE, SEC-HPLC
  • Purification scouting
  • Purification scale up

 

Case Study #1: Optimization of Chain Ratio Increases the Percentage of Heterodimers via Premium Bispecific Antibody Service

 

One challenge for bispecific antibody production is the unbalanced chain expression level. In this case study, a chain ratio study is proposed to improve the expression of bispecific antibodies.

Figure A: The bispecific antibody contains 3 chains: LC, HC1 and HC2, of which HC1 is a Fc fusion protein. The default transfection ratio HC1: HC2: LC = 2:1:1 showed low expression level and low percentage of heterodimer. To overcome this challenge, the HC1 ratio was increased to different ratios. The percentage of heterodimer increased from 12% to 72% after optimization.

Chain ratio optimization improved the yield and quality of bispecific antibody.

Case Study #2: Mixed Mode + CEX Could Remove Half Antibodies & Homodimers

 

This case study presents a common LC bispecific antibody construct. After affinity purification, the HMW, half antibody and homodimer were observed based on SEC-HPLC, SDS-PAGE gel and Intact MS. Mix mode was used as the first polishing step. After that, most of the whole half antibody was removed. However, the homodimer still existed, indicated by LC-MS. CEX was applied as the second polishing step to eliminate the homodimer and trace amount of half antibody.

Figure A: Here is a common LC bispecific antibody construct. After affinity purification, the HMW, half antibody and homodimer were observed based on SEC-HPLC, SDS-PAGE gel and Intact MS.

The existence of half antibody and homodimers after Protein A purification.

Figure B: Mix mode was used as the first polishing step. After that, most of the whole half antibody was removed.

Removal of half antibodies and homodimers by mixed mode plus CEX.

Figure C: However, the homodimer still existed, indicated by LC-MS. CEX was applied as the second polishing step to eliminate the homodimer and trace amount of half antibody.

CEX was used to eliminate the homodimer and trace amount of half antibody, which is confirmed by Intact Mass.

Frequently Asked Questions for Bispecific Antibody Production

Q: To produce bispecific antibodies, can I use my own tags, or do we have to use WuXi Biologics’ tags?

A: We typically recommend using our tags for bispecific antibody production, because they deliver high throughput and offer greater purity while being cost-effective. However, if you have your own preferred tags for your bispecific antibodies, we can discuss accommodating them if they fit into our HTP platform.

Q: For small-scale bispecific antibody production, can the tags be removed afterwards?

A: For our Quick ‘n’ Clean platform, our primary aim is to generate ~1 mg of highly purified bispecific antibody in a fast and cost-effective manner to help unlock the optimal pairings of bispecific antibodies. The molecules don’t need to be in their final formats, so there’s no need to remove the tag. After the optimal pairings are identified, we can re-clone the chosen molecules into the final CMC-ready format and use our Premium Bispecific Antibody Production Service to generate the bispecific antibodies without a tag.

Q: Do you use antibodies to isolate tag antibodies? If so, are there concerns about anti-tag antibody leakage during purification?

A: Resin usage always poses potential leakage concerns. The key is to understand your molecule’s key quality requirement. For early-stage molecules, leakage isn’t often a significant concern. To our knowledge, we don’t see significant leakage of resin, even with our Quick ‘n’ Clean service. Those seeking extra assurance can opt for our Premium Bispecific Antibody Production Service in which we don’t rely on any tags and use Process Development (PD)-like resin to handle all steps of your purification to achieve very high quality.

Q: Do you use transient or stable transfection for the chain ratio study, and have you seen any discrepancy between the optimal chain ratio determined by the two-transfection approaches?

A: Chain ratio studies have intrinsic differences between transient and stable transfections. Transient transfection allows for more extreme chain ratios, like paring Fc fusion with Fab at a 6:1 ratio, which is challenging in a stable setting. However, chain ratio reflects the nature of your molecule and therefore the transient chain racial study generally correlates well with the stable pool chain ratio study. Before proceeding to CMC, we provide options based on your needs, and many clients prefer stable pools for these chain racial studies. We are very flexible with these preferences.

Q: Is the chain ratio step achieved by changing the ratio of input DNA constructs ratio?

A: In our transient transfection, we clone the heavy chain and light chain in separate vectors. This allows us great flexibility in achieving any chain ratio by simply adjusting the input ratio. For our stable cell lines, however, we typically use molecular biology techniques to clone multiple copies of the molecules into 1-2 or even 3 vectors. This approach increases the copy number but offers less flexibility and the process is lengthier due to the intricacies of molecular biology.

Q: Could the early-stage purification process be transferred to the CMC process?

A: Yes, absolutely. We work very closely with our Process Development (PD) teams to transfer our protocols, knowledge, and experience. For the developability assessment of bispecific antibodies in our PS Department, we use PD-ready resin to screen for different methods. These methods are amenable for scale-up and can be transferred to our PD department for further optimization. However, if your focus is solely on getting a large amount of high-quality bispecific antibodies without a developability study, some methods from our Premium Bispecific Antibody Production Service may not be readily transferred to the PD department.

Q: Do you offer a service to design bispecific antibodies?

A: Absolutely. We offer a dedicated service for bispecific antibody design. Beyond just designing your bispecific antibody molecules, our expertise is rooted in a deep understanding of the drug developability across various formats of bispecific antibodies. Our goal is to recommend the molecules to our clients that have the highest potential on developability.

Q: Why is intact mass so important during the purification of bispecific antibodies?

A: Intact mass analysis is necessary to guide bispecific antibody purification because it can differentiate main products (heterodimers) from byproducts (homodimers) that have similar molecular weights. Standard SDS or SEC methods can’t achieve the level of differentiation that intact mass can achieve.

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